{"type":"FeatureCollection","features":[{"type":"Feature","properties":{"id":27122,"name":"Pompei","description":"

Pompei\u00a0<\/strong>ha origini antiche quanto quelle di Roma<\/a>, infatti la gens pompeia\u00a0<\/a>discendeva da uno dei primi popoli Italici, gli Oschi<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Solo dopo la met\u00e0 del VII secolo a.C., un primitivo insediamento si dovette stabilire sul luogo della futura Pompei: forse non un abitato vero e proprio, ma pi\u00f9 probabilmente un piccolo agglomerato intorno al nodo commerciale che vedeva l’incrocio di tre importanti strade, ricalcate in piena epoca storica dalle vie provenienti da Cuma<\/a>, da Nola\u00a0<\/a>e da Stabia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In quanto luogo di passaggio obbligatorio tra nord e sud, presto Pompei divenne una preda per i potenti stati confinanti, data la sua importanza come nodo viario e portuale. Venne conquistata una prima volta dalla colonia greca di Cuma\u00a0<\/a>tra il 525\u00a0<\/a>e il 474 a.C.<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Strabone\u00a0<\/a>riporta che Pompei fu conquistata dagli Etruschi<\/a>. Notizia che alla luce dei recenti scavi diventa sempre pi\u00f9 attendibile. Nell’area del tempio d’Apollo\u00a0<\/a>e presso le Terme Stabiane sono state rinvenuti numerosi frammenti di bucchero, alcuni addirittura con iscrizioni etrusche graffite; sempre nella zona delle Terme, inoltre, \u00e8 venuta alla luce una necropoli del VI secolo a.C..<\/p>\n

Le prime tracce di un abitato d’una certa importanza risalgono, a Pompei, al VI secolo a.C., anche se in questo periodo la citt\u00e0, ancora piuttosto piccola, non rivela l’esigenza di servirsi d’un piano regolatore e sembra il risultato di un aggregarsi d’edifici piuttosto disordinato e spontaneo.<\/p>\n

La battaglia persa dagli Etruschi nelle acque di fronte a Cuma contro Cumani e Siracusani (met\u00e0 del V secolo a.C.), port\u00f2 Pompei sotto l’egemonia greca. Probabilmente a questo periodo risale la fortificazione dell’intero altopiano con mura di tufo che racchiudevano oltre sessanta ettari, anche se la citt\u00e0 vera e propria non raggiungeva nemmeno i dieci ettari d’estensione.<\/p>\n

Nel IV secolo Pompei si trov\u00f2 coinvolta nelle Guerre sannitiche\u00a0<\/a>(al termine delle quali Roma\u00a0<\/a>rimase signora incontrastata di tutta la Campania<\/a>) e si vide costretta ad accettare la condizione di socia dell’Urbe, conservando comunque autonomia linguistica ed istituzionale. \u00c8 al IV secolo che risale il primo regolare impianto urbanistico della citt\u00e0 la quale, intorno al 300 a.C., ricevette la nuova fortificazione in calcare del Sarno<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Durante la seconda guerra punica\u00a0<\/a>Pompei rimase fedele a Roma, al contrario di molte altre citt\u00e0 campane, e pot\u00e9 cos\u00ec conservare la sua parziale indipendenza.<\/p>\n

Nel II secolo a.C. la coltivazione intensiva della terra e la conseguente massiccia esportazione di vino\u00a0<\/a>ed olio\u00a0<\/a>portarono nella citt\u00e0 grande agiatezza ed un alto tenore di vita: basterebbe ricordare la ricchezza di alcune case ed il loro lussuoso arredamento. La Casa del Fauno, ad esempio, pu\u00f2 rivaleggiare in ampiezza (quasi 3000 m\u00b2) persino con le pi\u00f9 famose dimore reali ellenistiche.<\/p>\n

Allo scoppio della guerra sociale (91 a.C.<\/a>) troviamo Pompei alleata contro Roma, insieme ad altre citt\u00e0 della Campania, nel tentativo d’ottenere la piena cittadinanza romana. Ma era impossibile resistere alla superiore forza militare di Roma: nell’89 a.C.<\/a>Silla<\/a>, dopo aver fatto capitolare Stabia, part\u00ec alla volta di Pompei, che tent\u00f2 una strenua difesa rinforzando le mura cittadine ed avvalendosi dell’aiuto dei Celti capitanati da L. Clutentius. Ogni tentativo di resistenza risult\u00f2 vano e ben presto la citt\u00e0 cadde. Nell’80 a.C. entrava completamente e definitivamente nell’orbita di Roma e Silla vi trasfer\u00ec una colonia di veterani che prese il nome di Colonia Cornelia Veneria Pompeianorum. L’assegnazione di terre ai veterani avvenne certo a danno della gentes che avevano pi\u00f9 aspramente avversato Silla. Ciononostante, le vicende politiche e militari non influirono in maniera determinante sul benessere e sull’intraprendenza commerciale dei Pompeiani (volta soprattutto all’esportazione dei vini campani) che interessava zone anche molto remote. Per la salubrit\u00e0 del clima e l’amenit\u00e0 del paesaggio, la citt\u00e0 ed i suoi dintorni costituirono anche un piacevole luogo di villeggiatura per alcuni ricchi Romani, compreso Cicerone\u00a0<\/a>che vi possedeva un fondo.<\/p>\n

Le fonti purtroppo sono piuttosto avare di notizie riguardo alla vita di Pompei nella prima et\u00e0 imperiale. Solo Tacito\u00a0<\/a>ricorda come un fatto clamoroso la rissa avvenuta tra Nucerini e Pompeiani nel 59 d.C.<\/a>nell’anfiteatro di Pompei, che spinse Nerone\u00a0<\/a>a proibirvi, per dieci anni, ogni spettacolo gladiatorio.<\/p>\n

Nel 62 d.C. la citt\u00e0 venne scossa da un terremoto: al momento dell’eruzione del 79 d.C., molti edifici erano ancora in ricostruzione.<\/p>\n

La Basilica Pontificia, ricca di ex voto, \u00e8 una delle mete italiane pi\u00f9 frequentate “per grazia ricevuta”. Il santuario fu eretto per volere di Bartolo Longo\u00a0<\/a>e conserva la tela della scuola di Luca Giordano raffigurante la Madonna di Pompei del Seicento circa.<\/p>\n","modified":"2019-03-21T14:53:37","color":"","icon":"","noDetails":false,"noInteraction":false,"taxonomy":{"webmapp_category":[13]},"accessibility":{"mobility":{"check":false,"description":""},"hearing":{"check":false,"description":""},"vision":{"check":false,"description":""},"cognitive":{"check":false,"description":""},"food":{"check":false,"description":""}},"locale":"it","source":"http:\/\/vn.be.webmapp.it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/poi\/27122","wp_edit":"http:\/\/vn.be.webmapp.it\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=27122&action=edit","translations":{"en":{"id":28218,"name":"Pompei","web":"http:\/\/vn.be.webmapp.it\/\/pompei\/?lang=en","source":"http:\/\/vn.be.webmapp.it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/poi\/28218","description":"

The archeological digs at the site only extend down to the street level of the 79 AD volcanic event; deeper digs in older parts of Pompeii and core samples of nearby drillings have exposed layers of jumbled sediment<\/a> that suggest that the city had suffered from the volcano and other seismic events before then. Three sheets of sediment have been found on top of the lava bedrock that lies below the city and, mixed in with the sediment, archeologists have found bits of animal bone, pottery shards<\/a> and plants. Using carbon dating<\/a>, the oldest layer has been dated to the 8th-6th centuries BC, about the time that the city was founded. The other two layers are separated from the other layers by well-developed soil layers or Roman pavement and were laid in the 4th century BC and 2nd century BC. The theory behind the layers of jumbled sediment is large landslides<\/a>, perhaps triggered by extended rainfall.<\/em><\/p>\n

The town was founded around the 6th century BC<\/a> by the Osci<\/a> or Oscans, a people of central Italy<\/a>. It had already been used as a safe port by Greek<\/a> and Phoenician<\/a> sailors. When the Etruscans<\/a> threatened an attack, Pompeii allied with the Greeks, who then dominated the Gulf of Naples<\/a>. In the 5th century BC<\/a>, the Samnites<\/a> conquered it (and all the other towns of Campania<\/a>); the new rulers imposed their architecture and enlarged the town. It has been supposed that during the Samnites’ domination, Rome conquered Pompeii for a while, but these theories have not been verified.<\/em><\/p>\n

Pompeii took part in the war that the towns of Campania initiated against Rome, but in 89 BC<\/a> it was besieged by Sulla<\/a>. Although the troops of the Social League<\/a>, headed by Lucius Cluentius<\/a>, helped in resisting the Romans, in 80 BC\u00a0<\/a>Pompeii was forced to surrender after the conquest of Nola<\/a>. It became a Roman colony with the name of Colonia Cornelia<\/a>Veneria\u00a0<\/a>Pompeianorum. The town became an important passage for goods that arrived by sea and had to be sent toward Rome or Southern Italy<\/a> along the nearby Appian Way<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

The excavated town offers a snapshot of Roman life in the1st century<\/a>, frozen at the moment it was buried on 24 August<\/a>79\u00a0<\/a>AD. The Forum<\/a>, the baths, many houses, and some out-of-town villas like the Villa of the Mysteries\u00a0<\/a>remain surprisingly well preserved.<\/em><\/p>\n

Pompeii was a lively place, and evidence abounds of literally the smallest details of everyday life. For example, on the floor of one of the houses (Sirico’s), a famous inscription Salve, lucru (Welcome, money), perhaps humorously intended, shows us a trading company owned by two partners, Sirico and Nummianus (but this could be a nickname, since nummus means coin, money). In other houses, details abound concerning professions and categories, such as for the “laundry” workers (Fullones). Wine jars have been found bearing what is apparently the world’s earliest known marketing pun, Vesuvinum (combining Vesuvius and the Latin for wine, vinum). Graffiti<\/a> carved on the walls shows us real street Latin<\/a>. In 89 BC, after the final occupation of the city by Roman General Lucius Cornelius Sulla<\/a>, Pompeii was finally annexed to the Roman Republic<\/a>. Under this period, Pompeii underwent a vast process of infrastructural development, most of which was built during the Augustan period. Worth noting are an amphitheatre<\/a>, a Palaestra\u00a0<\/a>with a central cella natatoriua\u00a0<\/a>or swimming pool, and an aqueduct that provided water for more than 25 street fountains, at least four public baths, and a large number of private houses (domus<\/a>) and businesses. The aqueduct branched out through three main pipes from the Castellum Aquae<\/a>, where the waters were collected before being distributed to the city; although it did much more than distribute the waters, it did so with the prerequisite that in the case of extreme drought<\/a>, the water supply would first fail to reach the public baths (the least vital service), then private houses and businesses, and when there would be no water flow at all, the system would then at last fail to supply the public fountains (the most vital service) in the streets of Pompeii.<\/em><\/p>\n

The large number of well-preserved frescoes throw a great light on everyday life and have been a major advance in art history<\/a>of the ancient world, with the innovation of the Pompeian Styles<\/a>( First\/Second\/Third Style). Some aspects of the culture were distinctly erotic, including phallic worship. A large collection of erotic votive objects and frescoes were found at Pompeii. Many were removed and kept until recently in a secret collection at the University of Naples.<\/em><\/p>\n

At the time of the eruption, the town could have had some 20,000 inhabitants, and was located in an area in which Romans had their holiday villas. Prof. William Abbott explains, “At the time of the eruption, Pompeii had reached its high point in society as many Romans frequently visited Pompeii on vacations.” It is the only ancient town of which the whole topographic structure is known precisely as it was, with no later modifications or additions. It was not distributed on a regular plan as we are used to seeing in Roman towns, due to the difficult terrain. But its streets are straight and laid out in a grid, in the purest Roman tradition; they are laid with polygonal stones, and have houses and shops on both sides of the street. It followed its decumanus<\/a>and its cardus<\/a>, centred on the forum.<\/em><\/p>\n

Besides the forum, many other services were found: the Macellum\u00a0<\/a>(great food market), the Pistrinum<\/a>( mill), the Thermopolium\u00a0<\/a>(sort of bar that served cold and hot beverages), and cauporioe\u00a0<\/a>(small restaurants). An amphitheatre\u00a0<\/a>and two theatres have been found, along with a palaestra or gymnasium<\/a>. A hotel (of 1,000 square metres) was found a short distance from the town; it is now nicknamed the “Grand Hotel Murecine”.<\/em><\/p>\n

In 2002 another important discovery at the mouth of the Sarno\u00a0<\/a>River revealed that the port also was populated and that people lived in palafittes<\/a>, within a system of channels that suggested a likeness to Venice\u00a0<\/a>to some scientists. These studies are just beginning to produce results.<\/em><\/p>\n"},"fr":{"id":29216,"name":"Pompei","web":"http:\/\/vn.be.webmapp.it\/\/pompei\/?lang=fr","source":"http:\/\/vn.be.webmapp.it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/poi\/29216","description":"

Pomp\u00e9i (Pompeii en latin, Pompei en italien), \u00e9tait une ville de Campanie en Italie pr\u00e8s de Naples au pied du V\u00e9suve, fond\u00e9e au VIe si\u00e8cle av. J.-C. En 79, elle fut enti\u00e8rement ensevelie avec Herculanum et Stabies, lors d\u2019une \u00e9ruption plinienne de ce volcan. La ville se conserva mieux que si la catastrophe ne s’\u00e9tait pas produite. Les fouilles du XVIII\u00e8 si\u00e8cle ont exhum\u00e9 une cit\u00e9 florissante dans un \u00e9tat de conservation inesp\u00e9r\u00e9.
\nOubli\u00e9e pendant 1 600 ans, elle fut red\u00e9couverte par hasard pour devenir aujourd’hui l’un des fleurons de l’arch\u00e9ologie et un extraordinaire t\u00e9moignage de l’urbanisme de l’Empire romain. Pomp\u00e9i est fond\u00e9e avant le VIe (peut-\u00eatre au VIIe ou VIIIe si\u00e8cle av. J.-C.), par un regroupement de cinq villages osques (pompaios = cinq) sur une retomb\u00e9e de lave, au pied du V\u00e9suve, au c\u0153ur des r\u00e9gions VII et VIII de la ville, sur une route commerciale importante. Au VIe si\u00e8cle av. J.-C., Pomp\u00e9i devient une colonie grecque ; les Grecs introduisent le culte d\u2019Apollon (construction du temple d\u2019Apollon ; construction du temple dorique sur l\u2019agora triangulaire). Pomp\u00e9i n\u2019est qu\u2019une base pour contr\u00f4ler les d\u00e9bouch\u00e9s de l\u2019arri\u00e8re-pays, tr\u00e8s fertile. De -524 \u00e0 -474, les \u00c9trusques occupent la ville sans laisser de traces sp\u00e9cifiques. De -474 \u00e0 -424, les Grecs reprennent le contr\u00f4le de la ville, restaurent les temples, d\u00e9veloppent un quartier au plan g\u00e9om\u00e9trique (r\u00e9gion VI), et entourent Pomp\u00e9i de murailles. En -424, Pomp\u00e9i est conquise par les Samnites qui prennent le nom de Campani en arrivant dans les plaines. On se remet \u00e0 parler l\u2019osque, langue commune aux plus anciens occupants, les Osques, et aux nouveaux occupants, les Samnites qui \u00e9tendent les murailles de la ville. En -341, Pomp\u00e9i, ainsi que les Campani, s\u2019allient \u00e0 Rome et lui restent fid\u00e8les. Entre -214 et -210 se d\u00e9roule la Deuxi\u00e8me Guerre punique : Hannibal part \u00e0 la conqu\u00eate de Rome avec ses \u00e9l\u00e9phants. Pomp\u00e9i, contrairement aux autres villes Samnites, reste fid\u00e8le \u00e0 Rome. Entre -424 et -89, les Samnites entourent Pomp\u00e9i de murailles encore plus fortes, pour se prot\u00e9ger des villes voisines et de la puissance de Rome. L\u2019expansion urbaine de Pomp\u00e9i a donc \u00e9t\u00e9 limit\u00e9e par ces murailles. En mars 90 av. J.-C., les villes samnites se r\u00e9voltent contre Rome lors la Guerre sociale. Cette fois, Pomp\u00e9i se joint \u00e0 elles. La guerre est dure et les Romains conduits par Sylla prennent Pomp\u00e9i. Les Romains ne reconstruisent pas une nouvelle ville sur celle des Samnites, mais s\u2019installent dans Pomp\u00e9i telle qu\u2019elle \u00e9tait au temps des Samnites. En 80 av. J.-C., Pomp\u00e9i est transform\u00e9 par Sylla en colonie romaine, du nom de Colonia Veneria Cornelia Pompeii : les riches colons romains remplacent alors les habitants chass\u00e9s de leurs demeures et s\u2019installent principalement dans de grandes villas b\u00e2ties sur le flanc du V\u00e9suve, \u00e0 l\u2019emplacement des remparts primitifs. L\u2019\u00e8re romaine commence. En 62 apr\u00e8s J.-C., Pomp\u00e9i subit un tremblement de terre qui d\u00e9truit une partie de la ville. Les habitants ne font pas le lien entre le tremblement de terre et le V\u00e9suve. 24 ao\u00fbt 79 : \u00e9ruption du V\u00e9suve entra\u00eenant la destruction de la ville. Pline le Jeune, qui \u00e9tait dans les environs, a d\u00e9crit l\u2019\u00e9ruption dans deux lettres \u00e0 Tacite.Les fouilles ont permis de d\u00e9couvrir un excellent clich\u00e9 de la ville de Pomp\u00e9i telle qu’elle \u00e9tait au moment de l’\u00e9ruption du V\u00e9suve, dont la lave et les cendres ont fig\u00e9 pour des si\u00e8cles les lieux et les personnages. La couche qu’il a fallu creuser atteignait parfois 20 m\u00e8tres, soit l’\u00e9quivalent d’un immeuble de 6 \u00e9tages. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des recherches plus r\u00e9centes, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 possible de remonter plus loin dans le temps vers les origines de la ville : il a ainsi \u00e9t\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9 en certains endroits jusqu’\u00e0 trois couches de s\u00e9diments correspondant \u00e0 trois si\u00e8cles bien distincts, les VIIIe, IVe et IIe si\u00e8cle av. J.-C., fournissant des informations pr\u00e9cieuses sur la colonisation de la r\u00e9gion avant l’\u00e8re romaine. Le forum \u00e9tait le centre de la ville, centre religieux (o\u00f9 s\u2019\u00e9levaient les principaux temples comme celui de Jupiter, p\u00e8re de tous les dieux, d\u2019Apollon et des Lares) et centre politique, dans la mesure o\u00f9 c\u2019\u00e9tait l\u00e0 que s\u2019exer\u00e7ait la justice et que les institutions publiques municipales avaient leur si\u00e8ge. Enfin, c\u2019\u00e9tait aussi le centre \u00e9conomique de la cit\u00e9, l\u2019endroit o\u00f9 s\u2019effectuaient les tractations et les \u00e9changes commerciaux. Les entrep\u00f4ts de denr\u00e9es alimentaires et, parfois, le si\u00e8ge des cat\u00e9gories de m\u00e9tiers les plus repr\u00e9sentatifs y trouvaient \u00e9galement place. Le forum \u00e9tait un vaste domaine situ\u00e9 en un point central. Celui de Pomp\u00e9i, qui compte une vaste aire rectangulaire dont le p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre mesurait plus de 400 m\u00e8tres (38 m sur 142 m), se trouve dans le quartier sud-ouest ; il est donc excentr\u00e9 par rapport au centre habit\u00e9. Le choix de cette zone fut d\u00e9termin\u00e9 par des raisons contingentes comme la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de trouver un terrain suffisamment grand et plat, chose particuli\u00e8rement difficile \u00e0 Pomp\u00e9i en raison de son emplacement sur un \u00e9tagement lavique fortement inclin\u00e9 vers la mer. Les thermes du forum furent \u00e9difi\u00e9s au Ier si\u00e8cle av. J.-C. sous le gouvernement de Sylla et les seuls \u00e0 fonctionner apr\u00e8s le tremblement de terre de l\u2019an 62. Ils comportent deux sections, une r\u00e9serv\u00e9e aux hommes et l\u2019autre r\u00e9serv\u00e9e aux femmes ; toutes les deux poss\u00e8dent un frigidarium (salle froide), un tepidarium (salle ti\u00e8de) et enfin un caldarium (salle chaude). Le syst\u00e8me de chauffage et de refroidissement des pi\u00e8ces s\u2019effectuait \u00e0 travers un syst\u00e8me de tuyauterie ins\u00e9r\u00e9 dans les interstices des murs. Toutes les salles pr\u00e9sentent une \u00e9l\u00e9gante d\u00e9coration.
\nL\u2019amphith\u00e9\u00e2tre de Pomp\u00e9i est un \u00e9difice imposant, grandiose, capable de contenir 12 000 spectateurs (certains ont avanc\u00e9 le chiffre de 20 000), dans lequel se d\u00e9roulaient les jeux du cirque et les combats de gladiateurs, si appr\u00e9ci\u00e9s des Pomp\u00e9iens qui consacraient \u00e0 ces spectacles la majeure partie de leur temps libre.
\nLa Villa des Myst\u00e8res se trouve \u00e0 l\u2019extr\u00eame p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie de Pomp\u00e9i, en dehors de la zone arch\u00e9ologique proprement dite. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 partiellement d\u00e9couverte entre 1909 et 1910, et successivement mise au jour et restaur\u00e9e en 1929-1930. Grandiose de par ses proportions et c\u00e9l\u00e8bre en raison de son superbe cycle de fresque, elle a suscit\u00e9 l\u2019enthousiasme des sp\u00e9cialistes d\u00e8s la d\u00e9couverte de ses premi\u00e8res pi\u00e8ces aussi bien conserv\u00e9es pour la complexit\u00e9, la particularit\u00e9 de son architecture que pour le merveilleux cycle pictural et pour l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation de ce dernier, li\u00e9 aux cultes religieux qui existaient \u00e0 cot\u00e9 de la religion officielle. La villa fut construite aux environ du IIe si\u00e8cle av. J.-C., mais elle fut r\u00e9nov\u00e9e et embellie \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque imp\u00e9riale, p\u00e9riode au cours de laquelle elle acquit la splendeur qui est encore la sienne aujourd\u2019hui, bien qu\u2019en partie d\u00e9pourvue des meubles et des objets pr\u00e9cieux qui furent perdus apr\u00e8s le tremblement de terre de l\u2019an 62 apr\u00e8s JC lorsqu\u2019elle fut abandonn\u00e9e par son propri\u00e9taire.<\/p>\n"}},"web":"http:\/\/vn.be.webmapp.it\/poi\/pompei-porta-marina\/","addr:street":"","addr:housenumber":"","addr:postcode":"","addr:city":"","contact:phone":"","contact:email":"","opening_hours":"","capacity":"","sequence":1},"geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[14.482040405273438,40.74826955795288]}}]}